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Main content start

1) Personal Needs and Development across Lifespan




[Highlights]      [Reading]      [Worksheets]      [Handouts]      [Assessment Tasks

Highlights

1. Physical, intellectual, emotional and social developments


Physical

  • Growth : changes in appearance, body shape and weight
  • Development in one’s physical skills: gross motor skills (e.g. running) and fine motor skills (e.g.writing)

Intellectual

  • Development of the ability to memorize, reason, analyze and make rational decisions including language development and cognitive development

Emotional

  • Development of the ability to recognize and express emotions properly, including joy, anger, grief, fear and frustration
    • Development of the ability to cope with stress, worries and depression in daily life
    Social
    • Development of the ability to establish and maintain good relationships with others

    2. Theories of Development


    Piaget’s theory of cognitive development
    • Sensorimotor

    • Preoperational

    • Concrete operational

    • Formal operational

    Freud’s theory of psychosexual development
    • Oral Stage

    • Anal Stage

    • Phallic Stage

    • Latency Stage

    • Genital Stage

    Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development
    • Trust versus mistrust

    • Autonomy versus shame and doubt

    • Initiative versus guilt

    • Industry versus inferiority

    • Identity versus role confusion

    • Intimacy versus isolation

    • Generativity versus stagnation

    • Integrity versus despair

    Kohlberg’s theory of moral development
    • Pre-conventional Level
    • Stage 1 punishment-obedience orientation
    • Stage 2 instrumental-relativist orientation
    • Conventional Level
    • Stage 3 interpersonal-concordance orientation
    • Stage 4 authority and social order-maintaining orientation
    • Post-Conventional Level
    • Stage 5 social-contract legalistic orientation
    • Stage 6 universal ethical principle orientation

    3. Attachment

    4. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs


    5. Self-concept

    6. Parenting Style


    7. Stages of grief