1) Personal Needs and Development across Lifespan
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[Highlights] [Reading] [Worksheets] [Handouts] [Assessment Tasks]
Highlights
1. Physical, intellectual, emotional and social developments
Physical | - Growth : changes in appearance, body shape and weight
- Development in one’s physical skills: gross motor skills (e.g. running) and fine motor skills (e.g.writing)
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Intellectual | - Development of the ability to memorize, reason, analyze and make rational decisions including language development and cognitive development
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Emotional | - Development of the ability to recognize and express emotions properly, including joy, anger, grief, fear and frustration
- Development of the ability to cope with stress, worries and depression in daily life
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Social | - Development of the ability to establish and maintain good relationships with others
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2. Theories of DevelopmentPiaget’s theory of cognitive development | Sensorimotor Preoperational Concrete operational Formal operational
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Freud’s theory of psychosexual development | Oral Stage Anal Stage Phallic Stage Latency Stage Genital Stage
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Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development | Trust versus mistrust Autonomy versus shame and doubt Initiative versus guilt Industry versus inferiority Identity versus role confusion Intimacy versus isolation Generativity versus stagnation Integrity versus despair
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Kohlberg’s theory of moral development | | - Stage 1 punishment-obedience orientation
- Stage 2 instrumental-relativist orientation
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| - Stage 3 interpersonal-concordance orientation
- Stage 4 authority and social order-maintaining orientation
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| - Stage 5 social-contract legalistic orientation
- Stage 6 universal ethical principle orientation
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3. Attachment
- Secure attachment
- Ambivalent attachment
- Avoidant attachment
4. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs- Maslow’s Hierarchy of Human Needs: physiological needs, safety needs, love and belongingness needs, esteem needs, need for self-actualisation
5. Self-concept- Self-image – how one perceives and understands oneself
- Ideal self – a person that one would like to be
- Self-esteem – how one feels and judges oneself
6. Parenting Style- Neglecting
- Permissive
- Authoritarian
- Authoritative
7. Stages of grief- Denial
- Anger
- Bargaining
- Depression
- Acceptance